How did supermassive black holes grow so big?

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How did supermassive black holes grow so big?

Galaxies may look pretty and delicate, with their swirls of stars of many colors — but don’t be fooled. At the heart of every galaxy, including our own Milky Way, lies a supermassive black hole.

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Oct. 23, 2013 — A paper in a recent issue of the journal Science [18 October] pits the front-running ideas about the growth of supermassive black holes against observational data — a limit on the strength of gravitational waves from pairs of black holes, obtained with CSIRO’s 64-m Parkes radio telescope in eastern Australia.The study was jointly led by Dr Ryan Shannon, a Postdoctoral Fellow with CSIRO, and Mr Vikram Ravi, a PhD student co-supervised by the University of Melbourne (Australia) and CSIRO.”For the first time, we’ve used information about gravitational waves as a tool in astrophysics,” said Dr Shannon.”It’s a powerful new tool. These black holes are very hard to observe directly, so this is a new chapter in astronomy.””One model for black-hole growth has failed our test and we’re painting the others into a corner. They may not break, but they’ll have to bend,” said Mr Ravi.Einstein predicted gravitational waves — ripples in space-time, generated by bodies changing speed or direction. Bodies, for instance, such as pairs of black holes orbiting each other.When galaxies merge, their resident central black holes are doomed to meet. They first waltz together then enter a desperate embrace and merge.”Theorists predict that towards the end of this dance they’re growling out gravitational waves at a frequency we’re set up to detect,” Dr Shannon said.Played out again and again across the Universe, such encounters create a background of gravitational waves, like the noise from a restless crowd.Astronomers have been searching for gravitational waves with the Parkes radio telescope and a set of 20 small, spinning stars called pulsars.Pulsars act as extremely precise clocks in space. We measure when their pulses arrive on Earth to within a tenth of a microsecond.As gravitational waves roll through an area of space-time, they temporarily swell or shrink the distances between objects in that region. “That can alter the arrival time of the pulses on Earth,” said Dr Michael Keith of the University of Manchester in the UK.The Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) project and an earlier collaboration between CSIRO and Swinburne University together provide nearly 20 years’ worth of timing data.”We haven’t yet detected gravitational waves outright, but we’re now into the right ballpark to do so,” said the project leader, CSIRO’s Dr George Hobbs.Combining pulsar-timing data from Parkes with that from other telescopes in Europe and the USA — a total of about 50 pulsars — should give us the accuracy to detect gravitational waves “within ten years,” he said.Meanwhile, the PPTA results are showing us how low the background rate of gravitational waves is.The strength of the gravitational wave background depends on how often supermassive black holes spiral together and merge, how massive they are, and how far away they are. So if the background is low, that puts a limit on one or more of those factors.Armed with the PPTA data, the researchers tested four models of black-hole growth. They effectively ruled out black holes gaining mass only through mergers, but the other three models “are still in the game,” said Dr Sarah Burke-Spolaor of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).

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Insights into genetic architecture of OCD, tourette syndrome

Mesothelioma Survivor Buys a Truck, Heads to NASCAR Race Eight months after…On MyBiologica.comHealth is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being. In humans, it is the general condition of a person’s mind and body, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain.Alternative medicine is any of a wide range of health care practices, products and therapies, using methods of medical diagnosis and treatments which, at least up to the end of the twentieth century, were typically not included in the degree courses of established medical schools teaching medicine. Examples include homeopathy, Ayurveda, chiropractic and acupuncture.On MyBiologica.com all you are looking for about alternative medicine and health.Coming soon section with best cheapset health insurance offers for …

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Insights into genetic architecture of OCD, tourette syndrome

An international research consortium has answered several questions about the genetic background of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS), providing the first direct confirmation that both are highly heritable and also revealing major differences between the underlying genetic makeup of the disorders.

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Oct. 24, 2013 — An international research consortium led by investigators at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and the University of Chicago has answered several questions about the genetic background of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS), providing the first direct confirmation that both are highly heritable and also revealing major differences between the underlying genetic makeup of the disorders. Their report is being published in the October issue of the open-access journal PLOS Genetics.”Both TS and OCD appear to have a genetic architecture of many different genes — perhaps hundreds in each person — acting in concert to cause disease,” says Jeremiah Scharf, MD, PhD, of the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit in the MGH Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, senior corresponding author of the report. “By directly comparing and contrasting both disorders, we found that OCD heritability appears to be concentrated in particular chromosomes — particularly chromosome 15 — while TS heritability is spread across many different chromosomes.”An anxiety disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions that disrupt the lives of patients, OCD is the fourth most common psychiatric illness. TS is a chronic disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics that usually begins in childhood and is often accompanied by conditions like OCD or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Both conditions have been considered to be heritable, since they are known to often recur in close relatives of affected individuals, but identifying specific genes that confer risk has been challenging.Two reports published last year in the journal Molecular Psychiatry, with leadership from Scharf and several co-authors of the current study, described genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of thousands of affected individuals and controls. While those studies identified several gene variants that appeared to increase the risk of each disorder, none of the associations were strong enough to meet the strict standards of genome-wide significance. Since the GWAS approach is designed to identify relatively common gene variants and it has been proposed that OCD and TS might be influenced by a number of rare variants, the research team adopted a different method. Called genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA), the approach allows simultaneous comparision of genetic variation across the entire genome, rather than the GWAS method of testing sites one at a time, as well as estimating the proportion of disease heritability caused by rare and common variants.”Trying to find a single causative gene for diseases with a complex genetic background is like looking for the proverbial needle in a haystack,” says Lea Davis, PhD, of the section of Genetic Medicine at the University of Chicago, co-corresponding author of the PLOS Genetics report. “With this approach, we aren’t looking for individual genes. …

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Mix-and-Match Boxing Moves for a Better Body

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Mix-and-Match Boxing Moves for a Better Body

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